Water hammer in pipework: causes, detection and remedial steps

What goes wrong

When a newly installed water or heating circuit is first commissioned, operators often hear loud banging or hammering noises travelling through the pipework. The sound is typically a sharp, metallic knock that repeats each time a valve closes or a pump starts. In severe cases the vibration can be felt through the building fabric, and pipe supports may visibly shift or even detach. These symptoms are usually reported by site supervisors, facilities managers or occupants who notice the disturbance during normal operation.

The phenomenon does not remain confined to the moment of the first test. Repeated pressure spikes can cause cumulative fatigue in welded joints, flange bolts and elastomeric seals. Over time the repeated loading may lead to cracked pipe sections, leaking connections or premature failure of pump bearings. If left unchecked, the water hammer can propagate through the distribution network, affecting downstream services such as domestic hot water, heating or fire‑fighting systems, thereby compromising their reliability.

From a commercial perspective the impact is twofold. The immediate reaction is a halt to commissioning, which delays handover and may trigger liquidated damages under the contract. Subsequent remedial works often require specialist contractors, additional testing and re‑inspection, all of which increase the project cost and extend the programme. The reputational risk to the contractor and the client is also significant, especially where the building is occupied and occupants experience disruption or noise nuisance.

Legally the issue touches several pieces of guidance. The Building Regulations Approved Document G requires that services be installed safely and without undue risk to occupants. HSE guidance on temporary works stresses that any uncontrolled pressure surge is a hazard that must be managed. If the water hammer leads to a pipe rupture, the contractor could be liable under CDM 2015 for failing to provide a safe system of work, and insurers may question the adequacy of the original design and specification documentation.

In short, water hammer is not merely an annoyance; it is a symptom of a potentially unsafe hydraulic system. It can jeopardise the structural integrity of pipework, breach statutory safety obligations and generate costly re‑works. Recognising the seriousness of the problem early allows the project team to intervene before the issue escalates into a failure that threatens both the building fabric and the contractual relationship.

Why it happens

At its core water hammer is a pressure wave generated when a fluid in motion is forced to stop or change direction abruptly. The sudden closure of a valve, rapid pump start‑up or the instant removal of a blockage creates a kinetic energy surge that travels at the speed of sound in the fluid, raising local pressure far above the design value. If the system does not have a provision to absorb or damp this wave, the pressure can exceed the pipe’s allowable stress, leading to the audible knock and mechanical damage described earlier.

A common design oversight is the omission of surge protection devices such as air chambers, bladder tanks or pressure relief valves. Eurocode 2 and BS EN 805 provide guidance on the need for such devices in high‑velocity circuits, yet designers sometimes assume that the inherent elasticity of the pipe material will be sufficient. In practice, especially with rigid steel or copper runs, the lack of a dedicated surge absorber means the pressure wave is reflected at pipe ends, amplifying the impact on fittings and supports.

Specification choices can exacerbate the problem. Selecting pipework with a low nominal pressure rating, or using fittings that are not rated for transient pressures, reduces the margin of safety. Likewise, the use of brittle polymeric components in a high‑speed loop can lead to cracking when a pressure spike occurs. The relevant standards, including BS 8000 for pipework design, stress the importance of matching material strength to the maximum expected surge pressure, but this is occasionally overlooked in the rush to meet a tight programme.

Workmanship issues are a frequent contributor. Improper support spacing can allow pipes to move freely under surge loads, while inadequate anchorage of valves can cause them to vibrate and close more quickly than intended. Trapped air pockets, often introduced during pipe flushing, act as compressible volumes that can intensify pressure spikes when they collapse. Incorrect installation of valve actuators, such as setting a pneumatic actuator to close at full speed, removes the gradual deceleration that would otherwise mitigate the surge.

Programme pressure can lead to commissioning shortcuts. When a contractor is eager to demonstrate system readiness, they may fill the network rapidly, close isolation valves abruptly, or start pumps without a staged ramp‑up. These actions bypass the recommended slow‑fill and slow‑close procedures outlined in the SuDS Manual and the CIBSE Guide B, increasing the likelihood of a pressure wave forming. The result is a repeatable pattern of hammering that may not be evident until the system is placed in regular service.

External factors, such as temperature fluctuations, also play a role. In winter, water contracts and can leave pockets of air that, when heated, expand rapidly, creating a surge. Long, straight runs of pipe with high flow velocities are especially vulnerable because the kinetic energy of the moving water is greater. When combined with high‑head pumps, the system becomes a perfect environment for water hammer unless mitigated by design and installation controls.

• Abrupt valve closure or rapid pump start‑up generating pressure waves
• Absence of surge protection devices such as air chambers or bladder tanks
• Underspecified pipe material or fittings not rated for transient pressures
• Improper pipe support spacing and unsecured valve actuators
• Rushed commissioning without slow‑fill or slow‑close procedures
• Trapped air pockets that amplify pressure spikes
• Long, high‑velocity runs combined with temperature‑induced expansion

Where JobEng helps

QA/QC inspections, snag lists and progress photos on the project, so every defect is recorded with a picture, a location and who fixes it. JobEng is an app for UK engineering and construction, on iPhone and Android with the same account on the web. Firms use it to hire engineers and run the business side of their projects.

How to spot it

The first indication of water hammer is usually an audible bang that coincides with the operation of a valve, pump or pressure relief device. On site you may also notice visible pipe movement, loose brackets or even minor leaks appearing shortly after the event. In commercial buildings the disturbance can be reported by occupants as a sudden thump through walls or floors, especially in high‑rise blocks where the hydraulic system serves many units. These signs should prompt an immediate visual inspection and a review of the operating sequence that preceded the event.

To quantify the problem, portable pressure transducers can be clamped onto the pipe at strategic locations and linked to a data logger. By recording pressure over a short interval during valve actuation, you can capture the peak transient pressure and compare it with the design static pressure. The recorded waveform will typically show a sharp rise followed by oscillations, confirming a water hammer event. While these measurements do not replace a full hydraulic analysis, they provide concrete evidence for the contractor and designer.

Another useful check is to verify the closing time of the affected valve. Hand‑operated globe or gate valves should be closed slowly, taking at least several seconds, whereas motorised actuators can be programmed for a controlled ramp‑down. If the valve closes in a fraction of a second, the likelihood of a pressure surge is high. Flow meters installed upstream can also reveal sudden drops in flow rate that correspond with the audible knock, further corroborating the diagnosis.

Reviewing commissioning records is essential. Test reports should document the sequence of filling, pressure testing and functional checks. If the system was filled rapidly or pressure tested at a rate exceeding the recommended 0.5 bar per minute, the recorded data may already contain evidence of over‑pressurisation. Cross‑checking these logs with the timing of the observed hammer helps to isolate whether the issue arose during initial testing or during normal operation.

Distinguishing water hammer from similar phenomena, such as cavitation or loose pipe supports, is critical. Cavitation typically produces a high‑frequency hiss rather than a distinct bang and is associated with low‑pressure zones in pumps. Loose supports generate continuous vibration rather than discrete impacts. By correlating the noise pattern, pressure data and operational events, you can confidently attribute the symptom to water hammer and avoid misdirected remedial work.

• Listen for sharp bangs coincident with valve or pump operation
• Inspect for pipe movement, loose brackets or new leaks after the noise
• Record transient pressures with portable transducers during suspect events
• Check valve closing times and compare with manufacturer recommendations
• Review commissioning logs for rapid fill or pressure‑test rates
• Compare symptom patterns with cavitation or support‑related vibration

Standard fixes and their limits

The first step when water hammer is identified is to stop any activity that could exacerbate the surge and inform the temporary works coordinator. If the pipe is under pressure and the noise is accompanied by visible movement, the situation may be unsafe and work should be halted until a qualified engineer assesses the risk. Continuing without a clear plan can lead to pipe rupture, which would trigger statutory reporting under HSE and potentially breach CDM 2015 duties.

A widely accepted remedy is the installation of a surge suppression device. Air chambers, which provide a compressible cushion of air, are simple to fit and can absorb a significant portion of the pressure wave. For larger systems, bladder or piston tanks, designed to the specifications of BS EN 805, offer a more controlled response. These devices must be correctly sized; an undersized chamber will only marginally reduce the peak pressure, while an oversized one may introduce excessive water hammer of its own during rapid discharge.

Adjusting the valve operation is another effective measure. Replacing fast‑acting solenoid valves with slow‑close globe or motor‑operated valves reduces the rate of pressure change. Where existing valves are retained, a valve timing controller can be programmed to extend the closing interval, thereby limiting the surge. This solution works well for isolated branches but may be insufficient for high‑flow mains where the kinetic energy is too great for valve timing alone to mitigate.

Improving pipe support and incorporating flexible couplings can limit the mechanical impact of the pressure wave. Adding additional brackets or using spring‑loaded supports allows the pipe to move slightly without transferring the force to rigid connections. Flexible rubber or neoprene couplings absorb vibration and reduce the transmission of the hammer to adjoining services. However, these measures do not reduce the pressure itself; they merely protect the pipework from damage, and should be used in conjunction with pressure‑reducing strategies.

In some cases the root cause is excessive flow velocity or an over‑sized pump. Reducing the pump head, installing a bypass line, or re‑sizing the pipe to lower the velocity can diminish the energy available to generate a surge. This approach often requires design approval and may affect system performance, so it should be evaluated by the hydraulic designer before implementation.

If the above interventions fail to bring the transient pressures within acceptable limits, it is time to involve a specialist hydraulic engineer or the original system designer. They may recommend a comprehensive redesign, such as adding a dedicated surge tank, re‑routing critical sections, or specifying a different pipe material with higher strain capacity. At this stage, the contractor should cease ad‑hoc fixes and coordinate a formal design amendment to ensure compliance with relevant standards and to protect the client from future liability.

• Install appropriately sized air chambers or bladder surge tanks
• Replace fast‑acting valves with slow‑close types or add valve timing control
• Add or upgrade pipe supports and flexible couplings to accommodate movement
• Reduce flow velocity by re‑sizing pipe or installing a bypass or pump trim
• If fixes are ineffective, engage a hydraulic specialist for redesign
• Document all remedial actions and obtain designer sign‑off before re‑commissioning

Innovative solutions

Modern methods of construction offer one of the most reliable routes to eliminating transient surge risks before pipework reaches site. Offsite prefabrication of mechanical services modules, multi-service risers, and plantroom skids allows structural engineers and pipework designers to coordinate hydraulic anchor points, bracket spacing, and acoustic isolation under controlled factory conditions. Offsite assembly ensures that guide brackets and fixed points strictly match the approved stress analysis models, removing the rogue unsupported cantilevers often created by congested site installations. For a mid-sized mechanical contractor, adopting prefabricated corridor cassettes or pump skids requires an upfront investment in three-dimensional modelling and earlier design freezes, but it substantially reduces the risk of site-induced installation defects that fail under dynamic shock.

Intelligent valve actuation paired with modern variable speed drive technology attacks the primary root cause of water hammer by regulating fluid deceleration. Rather than relying on simple mechanical springs or on-off solenoids, modern installations use motorized valves with programmable closing profiles that decelerate fluid gradually over several seconds, preventing the rapid momentum change that triggers shockwaves. Similarly, booster pumps equipped with advanced drive algorithms can ramp down gradually during shutdown or ramp up slowly during line filling, avoiding the sudden expulsion of air pockets. This technology is proven, readily available from major pump and valve manufacturers, and requires only that site managers and commissioning engineers configure drive parameters correctly rather than leaving factory default settings in place.

High-frequency digital pressure transducers and acoustic data loggers represent a major step forward in diagnostic capability. Standard mechanical glycerine gauges cannot register pressure spikes that last only tens of milliseconds, often giving site teams a false sense of security while pipe brackets are steadily fatiguing. High-frequency digital loggers can be temporarily mounted to commissioning test points to record pressure fluctuations at several thousand samples per second during pump start-up or fixture operation. This approach moves surge investigation from guesswork to empirical proof, allowing engineers to pinpoint the exact valve or pump causing the shockwave. The equipment costs modest capital outlay, requires brief specialist training in data interpretation, and provides unambiguous evidence when disputing transient issues with equipment suppliers.

Material selection has evolved beyond standard rigid carbon steel and hard-drawn copper, with multilayer composite pipe systems and cross-linked polymers providing inherent surge damping. The lower modulus of elasticity in thick-walled polymer systems means the pipe wall itself expands slightly under pressure waves, reducing the celerity, or wave propagation speed, through the fluid and absorbing a significant portion of the shock energy. While composite systems are proven in domestic water and secondary heating runs, they require careful thermal expansion management and cannot be used in high-temperature steam or industrial circuits. A contracting firm can incorporate these materials readily, provided installation teams adhere to specific manufacturer clipping intervals and jointing techniques.

Point cloud laser scanning applied during the installation phase provides a rapid, accurate check between the as-built pipe routing and the transient stress model. By capturing the precise coordinates of pipe drops, elbows, and secondary steelwork, engineers can verify that site operatives have not introduced unmodelled dead legs, sharp changes of direction, or omitted designated dynamic supports. Laser scanning equipment can be rented or contracted as a specialist service for critical risers and plantrooms, requiring only a few hours of site access. This survey technique is proven on major infrastructure works and is increasingly practical for commercial mechanical packages where building services run through congested structural voids.

Hydraulic transient simulation software, once restricted to municipal water distribution networks and cross-country pipelines, is becoming an accessible engineering tool for complex commercial buildings. Computational transient analysis models how fluid will behave during power failures, rapid valve closures, or pump trips, allowing the mechanical designer to size surge vessels and position arresters based on mathematical simulation rather than conservative rules of thumb. For a specialist building services contractor, developing in-house simulation capability requires substantial investment in software licensing and graduate-level hydraulic engineering skills; however, partnering with independent surge consultants during the pre-construction phase provides a cost-effective alternative for high-risk, tall-building water schemes.

Smart bladder vessels fitted with continuous nitrogen pre-charge sensors offer a long-term solution to the common problem of waterlogged surge arresters. Standard mechanical arresters fail silently when the internal gas charge dissipates over time, leaving the vessel full of incompressible water and rendering it useless when a surge occurs. Smart vessels incorporate digital sensors that continuously broadcast pre-charge pressure to the building management system, alerting maintenance teams before water hammer damages pipe joints. This is a promising, mature technology that adds minimal capital cost to plantroom packages while protecting critical infrastructure across its operational lifespan.

Procurement routes and contract mechanisms can be restructured to prevent surge issues through collaborative commissioning frameworks. Under standard design and build procurement, mechanical packages are frequently fragmented between equipment suppliers, sub-contract installers, and independent commissioning agents, leading to gaps where valve closure timings and surge protection are left unverified. Utilizing NEC4 early contractor involvement or formal commissioning hold points ensures that the mechanical designer, the pump supplier, and the controls specialist agree on operational ramp rates before water is introduced. This cultural and administrative shift costs nothing in hardware but demands disciplined project management from the main contractor.

• Prefabricated mechanical modules guarantee factory-standard bracket spans and correct dynamic restraint placement.
• Programmable valve actuators eliminate rapid fluid deceleration by enforcing controlled closing curves.
• High-frequency pressure loggers capture microsecond transient spikes invisible to standard gauges.
• Multilayer composite pipe systems provide natural acoustic and surge damping through lower material elasticity.
• Point cloud laser scanning verifies physical bracket and anchor locations against dynamic stress models.
• One-dimensional hydraulic transient modelling predicts peak surge pressures during the detailed design phase.
• Smart surge vessels continuously monitor internal gas pre-charge to prevent undetectable waterlogging.
• Early contractor involvement aligns pump drive configurations and valve specifications prior to commissioning.

A worked example

On a newly constructed eight-storey commercial development in central England, the project team experienced severe water hammer during the final pre-commissioning of the boosted cold water service. The installation consisted of a basement twin-pump booster set feeding copper distribution risers that served commercial washrooms on each floor. Whenever washroom solenoid valves operated under automated sensor control, a loud, metallic bang reverberated down the main riser shaft, accompanied by visible lateral displacement of the copper pipework on the intermediate floor landings. Site operatives initially attempted to wedge rubber packing between the pipe and structural sleeves, which only transferred the impact vibrations directly into the drywall framing and acoustic ceilings.

The mechanical contracts manager halted testing and called a technical review with the commissioning engineer and the project consulting engineer. Inspection of the installation revealed that while the static working pressure sat within normal design limits, the secondary support brackets in the riser had been installed at standard centres intended for vertical dead load only, with no fixed anchor points to resist dynamic axial thrust at intermediate branch take-offs. Furthermore, mechanical gauges on the pump discharge manifold fluttered wildly during solenoid operation, indicating that severe pressure transients were propagating unchecked back to the basement plantroom.

To diagnose the root cause accurately, the contractor fitted high-frequency digital pressure transducers directly adjacent to the fifth-floor washroom manifolds and at the booster discharge header. The logged data revealed that the automated solenoid valves were snapping shut in under forty milliseconds, generating a transient pressure wave that peaked at more than three times the normal system working pressure. The wave velocity through the rigid copper pipe was calculated at over one thousand metres per second, producing an immediate hydraulic shock that hammered against the ninety-degree elbow at the base of the riser. The standard mechanical air cushions installed on the branch pipework had already waterlogged, providing zero cushioning effect.

The project team executed a two-part remedy combining conventional civil reinforcement with innovative control adjustments. Conventionally, the pipefitting team installed heavy-duty structural channel anchors bolted directly into the reinforced concrete floor slabs at the base and midpoint of the vertical riser, replacing standard drop rods with engineered sway bracing. Concurrently, the mechanical contractor replaced the rapid-acting direct solenoid valves with slow-closing diaphragm valves featuring an adjustable closing duration set to two seconds. In addition, the commissioning engineer reprogrammed the basement booster pump drives to incorporate an adaptive pressure-smoothing routine that modulates pump speed during sudden drop-offs in flow demand.

The outcome was immediate and conclusive. Follow-up digital logging confirmed that peak transient pressures remained well within the continuous operating rating of the pipework, with no detectable pressure spikes or physical movement in the riser shafts. The total cost of the engineering intervention, diagnostic logging, and replacement valves was absorbed within the package contingency, avoiding what would have been a catastrophic pipe failure or prolonged handover dispute. For the contracting firm, the episode highlighted the critical importance of reviewing fast-closing sanitary fixtures and transient dynamic loads during the design coordination phase, rather than treating boosted water distribution as a simple static piping network.

How to prevent it next time

Preventing water hammer begins at the initial design and specification stage. Designers must size pipework distributions to maintain fluid velocities within conservative limits, typically below two metres per second in main distribution runs and lower in branch connections, in accordance with British Standard BS EN 806 and relevant CIBSE guidance. Specifications must explicitly mandate maximum allowable valve closure durations for automated fixtures, quarter-turn taps, and solenoid valves, forbidding rapid-acting mechanisms on pumped systems unless dedicated surge suppression is designed into that specific branch.

Method statements and pre-commissioning procedures require rigorous control over filling and venting operations. Trapped air pockets are a primary driver of unpredictable pressure surges, as the compressibility of air followed by its sudden expulsion through a valve creates violent fluid slam. Detailed RAMS must stipulate controlled filling from low points at low velocity, with all high-point manual air vents kept open until continuous, solid water flows emerge. Flushing protocols must follow BSRIA guidelines, ensuring that high-velocity flushing runs are ramped up and down gradually rather than started or stopped across across-the-line pump starters.

Inspection and Test Plans (ITPs) must incorporate clear hold points covering dynamic restraints and surge protection equipment. Site supervisors must verify that surge vessels and arresters have their gas pre-charge pressures physically tested with a calibrated digital tyre gauge before the system is filled, ensuring the pre-charge corresponds precisely to the design schedule. Hold points should mandate that pipe anchors, guides, and acoustic bracket isolators are signed off against the approved structural coordinated drawings before any hydrostatic pressure testing or flushing activities begin.

Training and competency across the site team must be maintained through structured briefings on hydraulic transients. Pipefitters, site supervisors, and mechanical package managers should be trained to recognize the hazard profiles of dead legs, unsupported cantilever bends, and uncoiling flexible hoses. Sub-contractors must understand that securing a vibrating pipe by wedging it against structural steel or ductwork is dangerous and strictly prohibited, as it disguises dynamic fatigue while transferring cyclic stresses into the building fabric.

Accurate records and handover documentation protect all parties and inform future maintenance. Commissioning packs must include digital logs of dynamic operating pressures, certified confirmation of surge vessel pre-charges, and baseline acoustic readings taken under peak simultaneous demand. These records provide definitive proof of compliant installation and establish baseline benchmarks, enabling facilities managers to identify gradual vessel failure or control drift before mechanical damage occurs during the building lifecycle.

• Limit fluid velocities in distribution networks in line with BS EN 806 and CIBSE engineering guidelines.
• Mandate minimum valve closure times in mechanical specifications to eliminate rapid fluid slam.
• Enforce slow-rate filling protocols and exhaustive venting of high-point air pockets prior to testing.
• Establish ITP hold points to verify surge vessel nitrogen pre-charge pressures before pipework is flooded.
• Inspect dynamic anchors and sway bracing against structural coordinated models before pressure testing.
• Conduct site team toolbox talks on the structural dangers of unsupported pipe bends and transient loads.
• Record dynamic pressure logs and valve operating profiles within the final commissioning documentation.

Who to involve and when to stop

Work must stop immediately if water hammer produces visible structural deflection, sheared pipe brackets, distorted press-fit joints, or hairline cracking in adjacent concrete floor slabs or masonry penetrations. A severe hydraulic transient can rupture pipe fittings instantaneously, creating a dual hazard of scalding or high-pressure water release and structural collapse of suspended services. If knocking is heard alongside violent pipe movement, the site manager must isolate the relevant pump set, depressurize the circuit under controlled conditions, and establish an exclusion zone beneath suspended runs until an assessment is made.

The primary decision-maker on site is the mechanical project engineer, working in direct consultation with the Lead Designer and the Temporary Works Coordinator where temporary flushing loops or test manifolds are pressurized. Under the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 (CDM 2015), the Principal Designer must be notified if structural alterations to anchor points or bracket spacing are required to resist dynamic loads, ensuring that additions do not overload supporting slab structures or clash with fire compartment seals. Site operatives must never improvise brackets, tighten pipe clips, or alter pump settings without written instructions from the mechanical consulting engineer and the specialist equipment manufacturer.

How to start

1. Download JobEng free from the App Store (iPhone) or Google Play (Android).
2. Create a business account for your firm — the first month of the full platform is free.
3. Open JobEng and start with: qA/QC inspections, snag lists and progress photos on the project, so every defect is recorded with a picture, a location and who fixes it.

Frequently asked questions

Can water hammer cause immediate pipe rupture or is it strictly a long-term fatigue issue?

Water hammer can cause immediate, catastrophic rupture if the peak transient pressure exceeds the ultimate burst strength of the pipe or dislodges a push-fit or press-fit mechanical joint. Even when the initial spike does not burst the wall, repeated sub-critical transients cause cyclic fatigue that leads to stress corrosion cracking, bracket failure, and premature joint separation over time.

How does trapped air in a pipe system influence water hammer?

Trapped air behaves like a highly erratic spring within the fluid network. While small, distributed pockets can occasionally cushion minor pressure variations, larger pockets compress under flow and then violently expand or collapse as they exit through valves or fittings, causing massive downstream fluid acceleration followed by severe shock waves.

Why do quarter-turn ball valves cause more surge problems than gate or globe valves?

Quarter-turn ball valves can be closed almost instantaneously by hand or through fast actuators, abruptly cutting off the momentum of the moving water column. In contrast, multi-turn gate and globe valves require multiple rotations to seal, inherently stretching the closure duration over several seconds and allowing fluid momentum to dissipate gradually without generating high-pressure transients.

What is the simplest on-site test to differentiate thermal expansion noise from hydraulic water hammer?

Thermal expansion noise typically manifests as rhythmic, slow ticking or creaking as pipes slide across brackets during heating or cooling cycles, persisting even when all valves are stationary. Hydraulic water hammer coincides precisely with the mechanical operation of a pump, fixture, or valve, presenting as an immediate, sharp metallic bang or series of rapidly decaying thumps.

Does reducing system operating pressure eliminate water hammer entirely?

Lowering baseline system operating pressure reduces the starting point of the surge wave, but it does not eliminate water hammer if the rate of momentum change remains high. The magnitude of the shockwave is governed primarily by fluid velocity, fluid density, wave speed, and valve closure time, meaning a low-pressure system with high flow velocity can still produce destructive transient pressures.

How frequently should mechanical surge arresters and expansion vessels be inspected?

Surge vessels and mechanical arresters should undergo physical inspection and nitrogen pre-charge verification every twelve months as part of planned preventative maintenance, or immediately following any reported transient noise. Testing must be conducted with the vessel completely isolated and drained of water, as measuring pre-charge while connected to pressurized pipework yields false readings.

JobEng is free to download on iPhone and Android. Firms can ask about a free month of the full platform.

---

Questions about the product or your data? See support and the privacy policy.